NyaDB

• a KV store based on LSM Tree implemented in Javascript.

Features

• LSM Tree: NyaDB is a key-value store based on LSM Tree.
• Performance: NyaDB is designed to be fast and efficient.
• MMAP: NyaDB uses MMAP to memory map the data file for fast reads and can fallback to file I/O if MMAP is not available.
• Snapshot: NyaDB supports snapshots for backup and restore.
• Blooms Filter: NyaDB uses bloom filters to reduce disk reads.
• Background Compaction: NyaDB uses worker threads to merge and compact SSTables to keep the database size in check. and shouldnt use much memory.
• Write Ahead Log: NyaDB uses Write Ahead Log to ensure durability.

Installation

npm install https://github.com/usersatoshi/nyadb
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or

git clone https://github.com/usersatoshi/nyadb
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Usage

import { Column, Database } from "nyadb";

const money = new Column({
 name: "money",
 keyType: "u32",
 valueType: "u32",
 cacheSize: 10000,
});

const db = new Database({
 name: "test",
 path: "./b/database",
 tables: [
  {
   name: "main",
   columns: [money],
  },
 ],
});

await db.init();

await db.insert("main", {
 column: "money",
 key: 1,
 value: 100,
});

const value = await db.get("main", {
 column: "money",
 key: 1,
});

console.log(value); // DataNode {} ( use .value to get the value )

console.log(
 await db.has("main", {
  column: "money",
  key: 1,
 })
); // true

await db.close();
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API Documentation

Docs

Inspiration

• I made this as more of a challenge with someone to see who could make a better database. I don't know if I won or not, but I'm happy with the result.
• Certain decisions on why some code are written in a certain way is because they worked faster , so some part of the code might look a bit weird.
• I'm not a database expert, so I'm sure there are a lot of things that could be improved.
• I'm open to suggestions :)

Things I Would Do

• I dont like the current WAL implementation, the Readable is a bit weird and can be come out of sync with memtable ( which shouldnt be an issue if u are not spamming writes )
• range queries.
• transactions Support.
• Find functions such as findOne , findMany , all etc.
• Better error handling.

Performance

$ node ./tests/benchmarks/databasebench.js
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Environment:

• Arch Linux 6.9.3-arch1
• 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1135G7 (8) @ 4.20 GHz
• 16GB RAM DDR4
• Node v20.14.0
• NyaDB v1.0.0

---

Results:

• for keyType: u32 and valueType: u32

  Operation	ops/s	StdDev
  Insert	221,883 ops/s	+/-15.75%
  Get	903,891 ops/s	+/-1.29%
  Has	1,031,078 ops/s	+/-0.83%
  BloomCheck	3,335,837 ops/s	+/-0.94%

• for keyType: str:18 and valueType: u32

  Operation	ops/s	StdDev
  Insert	150,064 ops/s	+/-20.90%
  Get	122,152 ops/s	+/-61.07%
  Has	309,502 ops/s	+/-2.71%
  BloomCheck	479,791 ops/s	+/-0.91%

• for keyType: u64 and valueType: u32

  Operation	ops/s	StdDev
  Insert	200,914 ops/s	+/-14.38%
  Get	599,735 ops/s	+/-21.83%
  Has	835,765 ops/s	+/-0.75%
  BloomCheck	2,027,288 ops/s	+/-0.71%

Technical Details

• File Format:

   Header Length (1 bytes)       
| Header                        |
| +---------------------------+ |
| | Magic Number (4 bytes)    | |
| | Version Flag (1 byte)     | |
| | Compression Flag (1 byte) | |
| | Encoding Flag (1 byte)    | |
| +---------------------------+ |
Metadata Length (1 bytes)
| Metadata                     |
| +---------------------------+ |
| | Value Data Type (1 byte) | |
| | Key Data Type (1 byte)   | |
| | KVPair Length (1 byte)   | |
| +---------------------------+ |
| | KV Pair (Amount -> KvCount) ||
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• Data Format:

STARTDELIMITER (4 bytes ) | key length (4 bytes) | value length (4 bytes) | checksum length (4 bytes) | key (key length) | value (value length) | checksum (4 bytes ) | timestamp (8 bytes) | deleted (1 byte) | ENDDELIMITER (4 bytes) | (repeat for KVS_PER_PAGE times)
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• LSM Tree:

  • Memtable: In-memory table that stores the most recent data, it uses a OrderedMap to store data sorted by key.
  • SSTable: Immutable on-disk table that stores data in sorted order, it uses a B+Tree to Index the data and a Bloom Filter to reduce disk reads.
    • Bloom Filter: A probabilistic data structure that tells us if a key exists in the SSTable. this uses a bit array and multiple hash functions according to the datatype.
  • Index: A B+Tree that stores the key and the offset of the data in the SSTable.

• Compaction: Merging and compacting SSTables to keep the database size in check. this is done via worker threads and k way merge algorithm using a priority queue and file pointers to minimize memory usage.

• Write Ahead Log: A log that stores all the writes to the database to ensure durability. Used Readable Stream to buffer the data and piped it to WriteStream to write to the file , this respected the backpressure and doesn't use much memory.

• MMAP: Memory-mapped file that maps the data file to memory for fast reads. if MMAP is not available, it falls back to file I/O. this is done via @raygun-nickj/mmap-io fork of mmap-io.

• Snapshot: A snapshot of the database that can be used for backup and restore. this is done by creating a tar of the data file and the WAL file to .snapshots folder.

• Cache: A LRU cache that stores the most recent data to reduce disk reads. this is done via LruMap from mnemonist.